Properties of Bunker C

Properties of Crude Oils and Oil Products

Bunker C Light Fuel Oil

Equation(s) for Predicting Evaporation

• %Ev = (0.0035 + 0.0026T)sqrt(t) Where %Ev = weight percent evaporated; T = surface temperature (°C); t = time (minutes)

					Reference	ID
					ESD	96

Chemical Dispersibility (volume %)

					Reference	ID
Corexit 9500			5		ESD	94
Corexit 9527			0		EETD	89
Dasic LTS			0		EETD	89
Enersperse 700			0		EETD	89

Volatile Organic Compounds (ppm)

					Reference	ID
Benzene			50		ESD	94
Toluene			50		ESD	94
Ethylbenzene			50		ESD	94
Xylenes			140		ESD	94
C3-benzenes			550		ESD	94
Total BTEX			280		ESD	94
Total VOCs			830		ESD	94

Boiling Point Distribution (weight %)

Boiling Point			Weight %		Reference	ID
(°C)
200			1		ESD	94
250			7		ESD	94
300			19		ESD	94
350			38		ESD	94
400			54		ESD	94
450			64		ESD	94
500			69		ESD	94
550			72		ESD	94
600			76		ESD	94
650			83		ESD	94
700			89		ESD	94

Boiling Point Distribution (°C)

Weight %			Boiling Point		Reference	ID
			‘C
5			241		ESD	94
10			266		ESD	94
15			286		ESD	94
20			302		ESD	94
25			315		ESD	94
30			329		ESD	94
35			343		ESD	94
40			357		ESD	94
45			370		ESD	94
50			386		ESD	94
55			403		ESD	94
60			425		ESD	94
65			457		ESD	94
70			525		ESD	94
75			588		ESD	94
80			628		ESD	94
85			666		ESD	94
90			712		ESD	94

Metals (ppm)

					Reference	ID
Barium		<	0.3		Cao	92
Chromium		<	1.5		Cao	92
Copper		<	0.6		Cao	92
Iron			12.4		Cao	92
Lead		<	3		Cao	92
Magnesium			4.7		Cao	92
Molybdenum			0.9		Cao	92
Nickel			31		Cao	92
Titanium		<	0.6		Cao	92
Vanadium			157		Cao	92
Zinc		<	0.6		Cao	92

Aqueous Solubility (mg/L)

Temperature					Reference	ID
(°C)
20 (approx.)			4.45	(a)	MacLean	89
20 (approx.)			2.29	(b)	MacLean	89

• (a) fresh water; (b) salt water
• Acute Toxicity of Water Soluble Fraction

Test Organism					Reference	ID
Daphnia magna	48h EC50		4.14	(a)	MacLean	89
Daphnia magna	48h EC50		0.37	(b)	EETD	89
Daphnia magna	48h LC50	>	0.4	(b)	EETD	89
Daphnia magna	48h LC50	>	4.45	(a)	MacLean	89
Artemia spp.	48h EC50	>	2.29	(a)	MacLean	89
Artemia spp.	48h EC50	>	0.32	(b)	EETD	89
Artemia spp.	48h LC50	>	2.29	(a)	MacLean	89
Artemia spp.	48h LC50	>	0.32	(b)	EETD	89

• (a) results based on fluorescence spectroscopy; (b) results based on GC purge-and-trap analysis

Emergencies Science Division
Jointly funded by the United States Minerals Management Service
Database Revision Date: Febuary 1, 2000
CGI Script Version: 1.0.62

---

 

Properties of Crude Oils and Oil Products

Bunker C Fuel Oil

Synonyms:

• Fuel Oil No. 6
• Residual/Heavy Fuel Oil

• Data from Shell 1999 were taken from MSDS Number 362-100. For additional fuel specifications
• refer to ASTM D396.

					Reference	ID

API Gravity

					Reference	ID
			14.1		API	81
			12.3		EETD	88

Equation(s) for Predicting Evaporation

• Short term (<5 days): %Ev = (0.35 + 0.13T)sqrt(t) Long term: %Ev = (-0.21 + 0.045T)ln(t) Where %Ev = weight percent evaporated; T = surface temperature (°C); t = time (minutes)

					Reference	ID
					ESD	96

Sulphur (weight %)

					Reference	ID
			2.4		API	81

Water Content (weight %)

					Reference	ID
			0.1		ESD	98

Flash Point (°C)

					Reference	ID
			98		EETD	88
			174		Twardus	80
		>	62		Shell	99a

Fire Point (°C)

					Reference	ID
		>	257		Twardus	80

density (g/mL)

Temperature					Reference	ID
(°C)
0			0.98		Mackay	82a
0			0.9941		EETD	88
5			0.976		Mackay	82a
5			0.9904		EETD	88
10			0.973		Mackay	82a
10			0.9867		EETD	88
15			0.969		Mackay	82a
15			0.983		EETD	88
15		<	1.029		Shell	99a
16			0.971		API	81
20			0.966		Mackay	82a
20			0.9788		EETD	88
25			0.965		Mackay	82a
25			0.9749		EETD	88
30			0.9718		EETD	88

Pour Point (°C)

					Reference	ID
			15		EETD	88
			6		Mackay	82a
			7		Twardus	80

Dynamic Viscosity (mPa·s or cP)

Temperature					Reference	ID
(°C)
0			73500000		Twardus	80
0			1037000		ESD	93
10			28700000		Twardus	80
15			45030		ESD	93
20			5980000		Twardus	80
25			3180		Mackay	82a

Kinematic Viscosity (mm²/s or cSt)

Temperature					Reference	ID
(°C)
50		211 to 640			Shell	99a

Emulsion Formation

	Evaporation				Reference	ID
	(weight%)
Visual stability		entrained			ESD	98
Viscosity (mPa·s)			110000		ESD	98
Complex modulus (mPa)			720000		ESD	98
Water content (wt %)			26		ESD	98

Chemical Dispersibility (volume %)

					Reference	ID
Corexit 9500			7		ESD	98
Corexit 9527			0		EETD	89
Dasic LTS			0		EETD	89
Enersperse 700			0		EETD	89

Hydrocarbon Groups (weight %)

					Reference	ID
Saturates			24		Mackay	82a
Aromatics			55		Mackay	82a
Resins			15		Mackay	82a
Asphaltenes			6		Mackay	82a
Asphaltenes			7		ESD	91
Waxes			12		ESD	91
Waxes			55		Mackay	82a

Surface Tension (mN/m or dynes/cm)

Temperature					Reference	ID
(°C)
0		NM			EETD	88
15		NM			EETD	88
Room temperature			27		Twardus	80

Oil/Salt Water Interfacial Tension (mN/m or dynes/cm)

Temperature					Reference	ID
(°C)
0		NM			EETD	88
15		NM			EETD	88

Oil/Fresh Water Interfacial Tension (mN/m or dynes/cm)

Temperature					Reference	ID
(°C)
0		NM			EETD	88
15		NM			EETD	88
Room temperature			40		Twardus	80

Boiling Point Distribution (weight %)

Boiling Point			Weight %		Reference	ID
(°C)
160			1		ESD	94
180			1		ESD	94
200			2		ESD	94
250			5		ESD	94
300			8		ESD	94
350			13		ESD	94
400			20		ESD	94
450			28		ESD	94
500			33		ESD	94
550			38		ESD	94
600			51		ESD	94
650			68		ESD	94
700			81		ESD	94

Boiling Point Distribution (°C)

Weight %			Boiling Point		Reference	ID
			‘C
5			247		ESD	94
10			324		ESD	94
15			369		ESD	94
20			400		ESD	94
25			429		ESD	94
30			468		ESD	94
35			528		ESD	94
40			563		ESD	94
45			583		ESD	94
50			597		ESD	94
55			612		ESD	94
60			626		ESD	94
65			640		ESD	94
70			656		ESD	94
75			675		ESD	94
80			697		ESD	94
85			723		ESD	94

Metals (ppm)

					Reference	ID
Barium		<	0.3		Cao	92
Chromium		<	1.5		Cao	92
Copper			1.2		Cao	92
Iron			35		Cao	92
Lead		<	3		Cao	92
Magnesium			23.9		Cao	92
Molybdenum		<	0.6		Cao	92
Nickel			8.6		Cao	92
Titanium		<	0.6		Cao	92
Vanadium			42		Cao	92
Zinc			1.6		Cao	92

Other Elements (weight %)

					Reference	ID
Nitrogen			0.34		API	81

Aqueous Solubility (mg/L)

					Reference	ID
20			6.3	(b)	Anderson	74
22			0.4	(a)	Suntio	86
Unknown			1.7	(a)	Murray	84

• (a) distilled water; (b) salt water

Acute Toxicity of Water Soluble Fraction (mg/L)

Test Organism					Reference	ID
Neanthes arenaceodentata	24h LC50	>	6.3		Rossi	76
Neanthes arenaceodentata	48h LC50		4.6		Rossi	76
Neanthes arenaceodentata	96h LC50		3.6		Rossi	76
Capitaella capitata	24h LC50	>	6.3		Rossi	76
Capitaella capitata	48h LC50		1.1		Rossi	76
Capitaella capitata	96h LC50		0.9		Rossi	76
Mysidopsis almyra	24h LC50		6.3		Anderson	74
Mysidopsis almyra	48h LC50		0.9		Anderson	74
Palaemonetes pugio	24h LC50		3.2		Anderson	74
Palaemonetes pugio	48h LC50		2.8		Anderson	74
Palaemonetes pugio	96h LC50		2.6		Anderson	74
Penaeus aztecus	24h LC50		3.8		Anderson	74
Penaeus aztecus	48h LC50		3.5		Anderson	74
Penaeus aztecus	96h LC50		1.9		Anderson	74
Menidia beryllina	24h LC50		3.6		Anderson	74
Menidia beryllina	48h LC50		2.7		Anderson	74
Menidia beryllina	96h LC50		1.9		Anderson	74
Fundulus similis	24h LC50		3.8		Anderson	74
Fundulus similis	48h LC50		2.3		Anderson	74
Fundulus similis	96h LC50		1.7		Anderson	74
Cyprinodon variegatus	24h LC50		4.7		Anderson	74
Cyprinodon variegatus	48h LC50		4.4		Anderson	74
Cyprinodon variegatus	96h LC50		3.1		Anderson	74

Emergencies Science Division
Jointly funded by the United States Minerals Management Service
Database Revision Date: Febuary 1, 2000
CGI Script Version: 1.0.62

from June 14 to 16, 2000.

---

Properties of Crude Oils and Oil Products

Bunker C Fuel Oil (Alaska)

Synonyms:

• Fuel Oil No. 6
• Residual/Heavy Fuel Oil

• This oil was analyzed as part of a project entitled “Assessment of the Freshwater Biodegradation
• Potential of Oils Commonly Transported in Alaska”. The sample was collected from a crude oil
• tankship at berth, Valdez Marine Terminal.

					Reference	ID
					Blenkinsopp	97

API Gravity

					Reference	ID
			11.4		ESD	96

Equation(s) for Predicting Evaporation

• Short term (<5 days): %Ev = (-0.13 + 0.013T)sqrt(t) Long term: %Ev = (0.31 + 0.045T)ln(t) Where %Ev = weight percent evaporated; T = surface temperature (°C); t = time (minutes)

					Reference	ID
					ESD	98

Sulphur (weight %)

	Evaporation				Reference	ID
	(weight %)
	0		0.53		ESD	97
	8		0.56		ESD	97

Water Content (weight %)

	Evaporation				Reference	ID
	(weight %)
	0		0.2		ESD	98
	8	<	0.1		ESD	98

Flash Point (°C)

	Evaporation				Reference	ID
	(weight %)
	0		83		ESD	96
	8	>	95		ESD	96

Density (g/mL)

Temperature	Evaporation				Reference	ID
(°C)	(weight %)
0	0		0.9954		ESD	96
0	8		1.0111		ESD	96
15	0		0.9891		ESD	96
15	8		1.005		ESD	96

Pour Point (°C)

	Evaporation				Reference	ID
	(weight %)
	0		-2		ESD	96
	8		23		ESD	96

Dynamic Viscosity (mPa·s or cP)

Temperature	Evaporation				Reference	ID
(°C)	(weight %)
0	0		79100		ESD	96
0	8		7500000	(a)	ESD	96
15	0		8706		ESD	96
15	8		280000		ESD	96

• (a) shear rate = 0.25/s

Emulsion Formation

	Evaporation				Reference	ID
	(weight%)
Visual stability	0	entrained			ESD	98
Visual stability	8	none			ESD	98
Viscosity (mPa·s)	0		28000		ESD	98
Complex modulus (mPa)	0		130000		ESD	98
Water content (wt %)	0		35		ESD	98
Water content (wt %)	8		6		ESD	98

Chemical Dispersibility (volume %)

	Evaporation				Reference	ID
	(weight %)
Corexit 9500	0		14		ESD	98
Corexit 9500	8		6		ESD	98

Hydrocarbon Groups (weight %)

	Evaporation				Reference	ID
	(weight %)
Saturates	0		25		ESD	97
Saturates	8		23		ESD	97
Aromatics	0		47		ESD	97
Aromatics	8		42		ESD	97
Resins	0		17		ESD	97
Resins	8		20		ESD	97
Asphaltenes	0		11		ESD	97
Asphaltenes	8		15		ESD	97
Waxes	0		2		ESD	98
Waxes	8		2		ESD	98

Adhesion (g/m²)

	Evaporation				Reference	ID
	(weight %)
	0		85	SD = 9	ESD	96
	8		421	SD = 55	ESD	96

Volatile Organic Compounds (ppm)

	Evaporation				Reference	ID
	(weight %)
Benzene	0		33		ESD	97
Benzene	8		20		ESD	97
Toluene	0		41		ESD	97
Toluene	8		4		ESD	97
Ethylbenzene	0		55		ESD	97
Ethylbenzene	8		1		ESD	97
Xylenes	0		187		ESD	97
Xylenes	8		5		ESD	97
C3-benzenes	0		1470		ESD	97
C3-benzenes	8		8		ESD	97
Total BTEX	0		317		ESD	97
Total BTEX	8		30		ESD	97
Total VOCs	0		1787		ESD	97
Total VOCs	8		38		ESD	97

Surface Tension (mN/m or dynes/cm)

Temperature	Evaporation				Reference	ID
(°C)	(weight %)
0	0	NM			ESD	96
0	8	NM			ESD	96
15	0		32.5		ESD	96
15	8	NM			ESD	96

Oil/Salt Water Interfacial Tension (mN/m or dynes/cm)

Temperature	Evaporation				Reference	ID
(°C)	(weight %)
0	0	NM			ESD	96
0	8	NM			ESD	96
15	0	NM			ESD	96
15	8	NM			ESD	96

Oil/Fresh Water Interfacial Tension (mN/m or dynes/cm)

Temperature	Evaporation				Reference	ID
(°C)	(weight %)
0	0	NM			ESD	96
0	8	NM			ESD	96
15	0	NM			ESD	96
15	8	NM			ESD	96

Boiling Point Distribution (weight %)

Boiling Point	Evaporation		Weight %		Reference	ID
(°C)	(weight %)
160	0		1		ESD	96
250	8		4		ESD	96
180	0		2		ESD	96
300	8		10		ESD	96
200	0		4		ESD	96
350	8		16		ESD	96
250	0		12		ESD	96
400	8		27		ESD	96
300	0		17		ESD	96
450	8		42		ESD	96
350	0		23		ESD	96
500	8		53		ESD	96
400	0		33		ESD	96
550	8		63		ESD	96
450	0		46		ESD	96
600	8		72		ESD	96
500	0		57		ESD	96
650	8		80		ESD	96
550	0		65		ESD	96
700	8		87		ESD	96
600	0		73		ESD	96
650	0		81		ESD	96
700	0		88		ESD	96

Boiling Point Distribution (°C)

Weight %	Evaporation		Boiling Point		Reference	ID
	(weight %)		‘C
5	0		210		ESD	96
5	8		254		ESD	96
10	0		236		ESD	96
10	8		303		ESD	96
15	0		272		ESD	96
15	8		345		ESD	96
20	0		328		ESD	96
20	8		371		ESD	96
25	0		363		ESD	96
25	8		392		ESD	96
30	0		387		ESD	96
30	8		409		ESD	96
35	0		407		ESD	96
35	8		426		ESD	96
40	0		426		ESD	96
40	8		444		ESD	96
45	0		446		ESD	96
45	8		464		ESD	96
50	0		468		ESD	96
50	8		486		ESD	96
55	0		492		ESD	96
55	8		509		ESD	96
60	0		519		ESD	96
60	8		535		ESD	96
65	0		548		ESD	96
65	8		562		ESD	96
70	0		579		ESD	96
70	8		590		ESD	96
75	0		611		ESD	96
75	8		620		ESD	96
80	0		645		ESD	96
80	8		653		ESD	96
85	0		684		ESD	96
85	8		688		ESD	96
90	0		719		ESD	96
90	8		723		ESD	96

Emergencies Science Division
Jointly funded by the United States Minerals Management Service
Database Revision Date: Febuary 1, 2000
CGI Script Version: 1.0.6

from June 14 to 16, 2000.

---

 

Properties of Crude Oils and Oil Products

Bunker C Fuel Oil (Irving Whale)

Synonyms:

• Fuel Oil No. 6
• Residual/Heavy Fuel Oil

• The barge IRVING WHALE sank approximately 60 km northeast of North Point, Prince Edward
• Island in September 1970. At the time of sinking the barge contained 4200 long tons
• (4,355,400 L) of bunker oil. On July 30, 1996 the IRVING WHALE was raised, still
• containing approximately 3000 tonnes of oil.

					Reference	ID

API Gravity

					Reference	ID
			11.6		ESD	90

Sulphur (weight %)

					Reference	ID
			1.93		ESD	96

Water Content (weight %)

					Reference	ID
			0.7		ESD	90

Flash Point (°C)

					Reference	ID
			115		ESD	90

Density (g/mL)

Temperature					Reference	ID
(°C)
0			0.9985		ESD	90
5			0.9962		ESD	90
10			0.9918		ESD	90
15			0.9879		ESD	90
20			0.9844		ESD	90
25			0.9801		ESD	90

Pour Point (°C)

					Reference	ID
			6		ESD	90

Dynamic Viscosity (mPa·s or cP)

Temperature					Reference	ID
(°C)
0			798200		ESD	90
15			40340		ESD	90

Hydrocarbon Groups (weight %)

					Reference	ID
Saturates			32		ESD	95
Aromatics			32		ESD	95
Resins			17		ESD	95
Asphaltenes			19		ESD	95

Volatile Organic Compounds (ppm)

					Reference	ID
Benzene			100		ESD	94
Toluene			0		ESD	94
Ethylbenzene			0		ESD	94
Xylenes			100		ESD	94
C3-benzenes			560		ESD	94
Total BTEX			210		ESD	94
Total VOCs			770		ESD	94

Distillation (°C)

Total Distillate			Boiling Point		Reference	ID
(volume %)			‘C
IBP			109		ESD	90
5			142		ESD	90
10			216		ESD	90
15			232		ESD	90
20			255		ESD	90
25			243		ESD	90
30			253		ESD	90
35			260		ESD	90
40			264		ESD	90
45			263		ESD	90
50			259		ESD	90
55			264		ESD	90
60			281		ESD	90

Emergencies Science Division
Jointly funded by the United States Minerals Management Service
Database Revision Date: Febuary 1, 2000
CGI Script Version: 1.0.62

Bunker C Specification

The heavy oil is usually used as fuel for the boiler and fire pot.

There is no de-sulfurization process for the heavy oil, so some specifications, e.g. sulfur and nitrogen, indicate a little high values compared to other oils such as kerosene and Diesel.
On the other hand, the geavy dil contains high caloric value of 10,000 ~ 11,000 Kacal / Kg compared with the coal’ls one of 5,000 ~ 7,000 Kacl / Kg.
The boiling point of heavy oil is as high value as above 360.

High viscosity and sulfur content. The viscosity is max 540 cSt at 50’C. The preheating is necessary prior to use.
The BC is mainly used in industrial factory.

	Bunker A	Bunker B	Bunker C
Flash Point (℃)	Over 60	Below 65	Over 70
Kinetic Vis (50℃, ㎟ / s)	Below 20	Below 50	Below 540
Pour Point (℃)	Below 5.0	Below 10.0	–
CCR (wt%)	Below 8	Below 12	–
Water and Sediment(vol%)	Below 0.5	Below 0.5	Below 1.0
Ash(wt%)	Below 0.05	Below 0.10	–
Sulfur (wt%)	Below 20.	Below 3.0	Below 4.0

 

Fuel Oil and Combustion Values

The heating or combustion value of a fuel can be expressed as the quantity of heat (Btu per gallon) released during the combustion process where oxygen from the air reacts with the hydrogen and carbon in the fuel.

The combustion or heating value for some common fuels oil grades are indicated in the table below:

Grade	Heating Value (Btu/US gal)	Comments

Fuel Oil No. 6

151,300 – 155,900

Bunker C

• 1 Btu/US gal = 278.7 J/liter

The heavier the grade of fuel used in an oil burner, the greater the care must be taken to ensure that oil is supplied the combustion process at the proper atomizing temperature. If the temperature is too low the fuel oil will not atomize and evaporate and the burner will not operate efficiently.

Bunker fuel

Small molecules like those in propane, naphtha, gasoline for cars, and jet fuel have relatively low boiling points, and they are removed at the start of the fractional distillation process. Heavier petroleum products like diesel and lubricating oil are much less volatile and distill out more slowly, while bunker oil is literally the bottom of the barrel; in oil distilling, the only things more dense than bunker fuel are carbon black feedstock and bituminous residue which is used for paving roads (asphalt) and sealing roofs.

Bunker fuel or bunker crude is technically any type of fuel oil used aboard vessels. It gets its name from the tanks on ships and in ports that it is stored in; in the early days of steam they were coal bunkers but now they are bunker fuel tanks. The Australian Customs and the Australian Tax Office define a bunker fuel as the fuel that powers the engine of a ship or aircraft. Bunker A is No. 2 fuel oil, bunker B is No. 4 or No. 5 and bunker C is No. 6. Since No. 6 is the most common, “bunker fuel” is often used as a synonym for No. 6. No. 5 fuel oil is also called Navy Special Fuel Oil (NSFO) or justnavy special; No. 5 or 6 are also commonly called heavy fuel oil (HFO) or furnace fuel oil (FFO); the high viscosity requires heating, usually by a recirculated low pressure steam system, before the oil can be pumped from a bunker tank. Bunkers are rarely labeled this way in modern maritime practice.

Since the 1980s the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) has been the accepted standard for marine fuels (bunkers). The standard is listed under number 8217, with recent updates in 2005 and 2010. They have broken it down to Residual and Distillate fuels. The most common residual fuels in the shipping industry are RMG and RMK. The differences between the two are mainly the density and viscosity, with RMG generally being delivered at 380 centistokes or less, and RMK at 700 centistokes or less. Ships with more advanced engines can process heavier, more viscous, and thus cheaper, fuel. Governing bodies (i.e., California, European Union) around the world have established Emission Control Areas (ECA) which limit the maximum sulfur of fuels burned in their ports to limit pollution, reducing the percentage of sulfur and other particulates from 4.5% m/m to as little as .10% as of 2015 inside an ECA. As of 2013 3.5% continued to be permitted outside an ECA. This is where Marine Distillate Fuels and other alternatives to use of heavy bunker fuel come into play. They have similar properties to Diesel #2 which is used as road Diesel around the world. The most common grades used in shipping are DMA and DMB. Greenhouse gas emissions resulting from the use of international bunker fuels are currently included in national inventories

Table of fuel oils

Name	Alias	Alias	Type	Chain length
No. 1 fuel oil	No. 1 distillate	No. 1 diesel fuel	Distillate	9-16
No. 2 fuel oil	No. 2 distillate	No. 2 diesel fuel	Distillate	10-20
No. 3 fuel oil	No. 3 distillate	No. 3 diesel fuel	Distillate
No. 4 fuel oil	No. 4 distillate	No. 4 residual fuel oil	Distillate/Residual	12-70
No. 5 fuel oil	No. 5 residual fuel oil	Heavy fuel oil	Residual	12-70
No. 6 fuel oil	No. 6 residual fuel oil	Heavy fuel oil	Residual	20-70